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# TQSqlQuery Class Reference
[sql module]

The TQSqlQuery class provides a means of executing and manipulating SQL statements. More...

`#include <ntqsqlquery.h>`

Inherited by TQSqlCursor.

List of all member functions.

## Public Members

- TQSqlQuery ( TQSqlResult * r )
- TQSqlQuery ( const TQString & query = TQString::null, TQSqlDatabase * db = 0 )
- explicit TQSqlQuery ( TQSqlDatabase * db )
- TQSqlQuery ( const TQSqlQuery & other )
- TQSqlQuery & operator= ( const TQSqlQuery & other )
- virtual ~TQSqlQuery ()
- bool isValid () const
- bool isActive () const
- bool isNull ( int field ) const
- int at () const
- TQString lastQuery () const
- int numRowsAffected () const
- TQSqlError lastError () const
- bool isSelect () const
- int size () const
- const TQSqlDriver * driver () const
- const TQSqlResult * result () const
- bool isForwardOnly () const
- void setForwardOnly ( bool forward )
- virtual bool exec ( const TQString & query )
- virtual TQVariant value ( int i ) const
- virtual bool seek ( int i, bool relative = FALSE )
- virtual bool next ()
- virtual bool prev ()
- virtual bool first ()
- virtual bool last ()
- bool exec ()
- bool prepare ( const TQString & query )
- void bindValue ( const TQString & placeholder, const TQVariant & val )
- void bindValue ( int pos, const TQVariant & val )
- void addBindValue ( const TQVariant & val )
- void bindValue ( const TQString & placeholder, const TQVariant & val, TQSql::ParameterType type )
- void bindValue ( int pos, const TQVariant & val, TQSql::ParameterType type )
- void addBindValue ( const TQVariant & val, TQSql::ParameterType type )
- TQVariant boundValue ( const TQString & placeholder ) const
- TQVariant boundValue ( int pos ) const
- TQMap<TQString, TQVariant> boundValues () const
- TQString executedQuery () const

## Protected Members

- virtual void beforeSeek ()
- virtual void afterSeek ()

## Detailed Description

The TQSqlQuery class provides a means of executing and manipulating SQL statements.

TQSqlQuery encapsulates the functionality involved in creating, navigating and retrieving data from SQL queries which are executed on a TQSqlDatabase. It can be used to execute DML (data manipulation language) statements, e.g. `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE` and `DELETE`, and also DDL (data definition language) statements, e.g. `CREATE TABLE`. It can also be used to execute database-specific commands which are not standard SQL (e.g. `SET DATESTYLE=ISO` for PostgreSQL).

Successfully executed SQL statements set the query's state to active (isActive() returns TRUE); otherwise the query's state is set to inactive. In either case, when executing a new SQL statement, the query is positioned on an invalid record; an active query must be navigated to a valid record (so that isValid() returns TRUE) before values can be retrieved.

Navigating records is performed with the following functions:

- next()
- prev()
- first()
- last()
- `` seek(int)

These functions allow the programmer to move forward, backward or arbitrarily through the records returned by the query. If you only need to move forward through the results, e.g. using next() or using seek() with a positive offset, you can use setForwardOnly() and save a significant amount of memory overhead. Once an active query is positioned on a valid record, data can be retrieved using value(). All data is transferred from the SQL backend using TQVariants.

For example:

        TQSqlQuery query( "SELECT name FROM customer" );
        while ( query.next() ) {
            TQString name = query.value(0).toString();
            doSomething( name );
        }

To access the data returned by a query, use the value() method. Each field in the data returned by a SELECT statement is accessed by passing the field's position in the statement, starting from 0. Information about the fields can be obtained via TQSqlDatabase::record(). For the sake of efficiency there are no functions to access a field by name. (The TQSqlCursor class provides a higher-level interface with field access by name and automatic SQL generation.)

TQSqlQuery supports prepared query execution and the binding of parameter values to placeholders. Some databases don't support these features, so for them TQt emulates the required functionality. For example, the Oracle and ODBC drivers have proper prepared query support, and TQt makes use of it; but for databases that don't have this support, TQt implements the feature itself, e.g. by replacing placeholders with actual values when a query is executed. The exception is positional binding using named placeholders, which requires that the database supports prepared queries.

Oracle databases identify placeholders by using a colon-name syntax, e.g `:name`. ODBC simply uses `?` characters. TQt supports both syntaxes (although you can't mix them in the same query).

Below we present the same example using each of the four different binding approaches.

Named binding using named placeholders

        TQSqlQuery query;
        query.prepare( "INSERT INTO atable (id, forename, surname) "
                       "VALUES (:id, :forename, :surname)" );
        query.bindValue( ":id", 1001 );
        query.bindValue( ":forename", "Bart" );
        query.bindValue( ":surname", "Simpson" );
        query.exec();

Positional binding using named placeholders

        TQSqlQuery query;
        query.prepare( "INSERT INTO atable (id, forename, surname) "
                       "VALUES (:id, :forename, :surname)" );
        query.bindValue( 0, 1001 );
        query.bindValue( 1, "Bart" );
        query.bindValue( 2, "Simpson" );
        query.exec();

Note: Using positional binding with named placeholders will only work if the database supports prepared queries. This can be checked with TQSqlDriver::hasFeature() using TQSqlDriver::PreparedQueries as argument for driver feature.

Binding values using positional placeholders #1

        TQSqlQuery query;
        query.prepare( "INSERT INTO atable (id, forename, surname) "
                       "VALUES (?, ?, ?)" );
        query.bindValue( 0, 1001 );
        query.bindValue( 1, "Bart" );
        query.bindValue( 2, "Simpson" );
        query.exec();

Binding values using positional placeholders #2

        query.prepare( "INSERT INTO atable (id, forename, surname) "
                       "VALUES (?, ?, ?)" );
        query.addBindValue( 1001 );
        query.addBindValue( "Bart" );
        query.addBindValue( "Simpson" );
        query.exec();

Binding values to a stored procedure This code calls a stored procedure called `AsciiToInt()`, passing it a character through its in parameter, and taking its result in the out parameter.

        TQSqlQuery query;
        query.prepare( "call AsciiToInt(?, ?)" );
        query.bindValue( 0, "A" );
        query.bindValue( 1, 0, TQSql::Out );
        query.exec();
        int i = query.boundValue( 1 ).toInt(); // i is 65.

See also TQSqlDatabase, TQSqlCursor, TQVariant, and Database Classes.

## Member Function Documentation

### TQSqlQuery::TQSqlQuery ( TQSqlResult * r )

Creates a TQSqlQuery object which uses the TQSqlResult r to communicate with a database.

### TQSqlQuery::TQSqlQuery ( const TQString & query = TQString::null, TQSqlDatabase * db = 0 )

Creates a TQSqlQuery object using the SQL query and the database db. If db is 0, (the default), the application's default database is used. If query is not a null string, it will be executed.

See also TQSqlDatabase.

### explicit TQSqlQuery::TQSqlQuery ( TQSqlDatabase * db )

Creates a TQSqlQuery object using the database db. If db is 0, the application's default database is used.

See also TQSqlDatabase.

### TQSqlQuery::TQSqlQuery ( const TQSqlQuery & other )

Constructs a copy of other.

### TQSqlQuery::~TQSqlQuery ()`[virtual]`

Destroys the object and frees any allocated resources.

### void TQSqlQuery::addBindValue ( const TQVariant & val, TQSql::ParameterType type )

Adds the value val to the list of values when using positional value binding. The order of the addBindValue() calls determines which placeholder a value will be bound to in the prepared query. If type is TQSql::Out or TQSql::InOut, the placeholder will be overwritten with data from the database after the exec() call.

See also bindValue(), prepare(), and exec().

### void TQSqlQuery::addBindValue ( const TQVariant & val )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It behaves essentially like the above function.

Binds the placeholder with type TQSql::In.

### void TQSqlQuery::afterSeek ()`[virtual protected]`

Protected virtual function called after the internal record pointer is moved to a new record. The default implementation does nothing.

### int TQSqlQuery::at () const

Returns the current internal position of the query. The first record is at position zero. If the position is invalid, a TQSql::Location will be returned indicating the invalid position.

See also prev(), next(), first(), last(), seek(), isActive(), and isValid().

Example: sql/overview/navigating/main.cpp.

### void TQSqlQuery::beforeSeek ()`[virtual protected]`

Protected virtual function called before the internal record pointer is moved to a new record. The default implementation does nothing.

### void TQSqlQuery::bindValue ( const TQString & placeholder, const TQVariant & val, TQSql::ParameterType type )

Set the placeholder placeholder to be bound to value val in the prepared statement. Note that the placeholder mark (e.g `:`) must be included when specifying the placeholder name. If type is TQSql::Out or TQSql::InOut, the placeholder will be overwritten with data from the database after the exec() call.

See also addBindValue(), prepare(), and exec().

### void TQSqlQuery::bindValue ( const TQString & placeholder, const TQVariant & val )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It behaves essentially like the above function.

Binds the placeholder with type TQSql::In.

### void TQSqlQuery::bindValue ( int pos, const TQVariant & val )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It behaves essentially like the above function.

Binds the placeholder at position pos with type TQSql::In.

### void TQSqlQuery::bindValue ( int pos, const TQVariant & val, TQSql::ParameterType type )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It behaves essentially like the above function.

Set the placeholder in position pos to be bound to value val in the prepared statement. Field numbering starts at 0. If type is TQSql::Out or TQSql::InOut, the placeholder will be overwritten with data from the database after the exec() call.

See also addBindValue(), prepare(), and exec().

### TQVariant TQSqlQuery::boundValue ( const TQString & placeholder ) const

Returns the value for the placeholder.

### TQVariant TQSqlQuery::boundValue ( int pos ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It behaves essentially like the above function.

Returns the value for the placeholder at position pos.

### TQMap<TQString, TQVariant> TQSqlQuery::boundValues () const

Returns a map of the bound values.

The bound values can be examined in the following way:

        TQSqlQuery query;
        ...
        // Examine the bound values - bound using named binding
        TQMap<TQString, TQVariant>::ConstIterator it;
        TQMap<TQString, TQVariant> vals = query.boundValues();
        for ( it = vals.begin(); it != vals.end(); ++it )
            tqWarning( "Placeholder: " + it.key() + ", Value: " + (*it).toString() );
        ...

        // Examine the bound values - bound using positional binding
        TQValueList<TQVariant>::ConstIterator it;
        TQValueList<TQVariant> list = query.boundValues().values();
        int i = 0;
        for ( it = list.begin(); it != list.end(); ++it )
            tqWarning( "Placeholder pos: %d, Value: " + (*it).toString(), i++ );
        ...

### const TQSqlDriver * TQSqlQuery::driver () const

Returns the database driver associated with the query.

### bool TQSqlQuery::exec ( const TQString & query )`[virtual]`

Executes the SQL in query. Returns TRUE and sets the query state to active if the query was successful; otherwise returns FALSE and sets the query state to inactive. The query string must use syntax appropriate for the SQL database being queried, for example, standard SQL.

After the query is executed, the query is positioned on an invalid record, and must be navigated to a valid record before data values can be retrieved, e.g. using next().

Note that the last error for this query is reset when exec() is called.

See also isActive(), isValid(), next(), prev(), first(), last(), and seek().

Examples: sql/overview/basicbrowsing/main.cpp, sql/overview/basicbrowsing2/main.cpp, sql/overview/basicdatamanip/main.cpp, and sql/overview/connection.cpp.

### bool TQSqlQuery::exec ()

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It behaves essentially like the above function.

Executes a previously prepared SQL query. Returns TRUE if the query executed successfully; otherwise returns FALSE.

See also prepare(), bindValue(), and addBindValue().

### TQString TQSqlQuery::executedQuery () const

Returns the last query that was executed.

In most cases this function returns the same as lastQuery(). If a prepared query with placeholders is executed on a DBMS that does not support it, the preparation of this query is emulated. The placeholders in the original query are replaced with their bound values to form a new query. This function returns the modified query. Useful for debugging purposes.

See also lastQuery().

### bool TQSqlQuery::first ()`[virtual]`

Retrieves the first record in the result, if available, and positions the query on the retrieved record. Note that the result must be in an active state and isSelect() must return TRUE before calling this function or it will do nothing and return FALSE. Returns TRUE if successful. If unsuccessful the query position is set to an invalid position and FALSE is returned.

See also next(), prev(), last(), seek(), at(), isActive(), and isValid().

Example: sql/overview/navigating/main.cpp.

### bool TQSqlQuery::isActive () const

Returns TRUE if the query is currently active; otherwise returns FALSE.

Examples: sql/overview/basicbrowsing/main.cpp, sql/overview/basicbrowsing2/main.cpp, sql/overview/basicdatamanip/main.cpp, sql/overview/navigating/main.cpp, and sql/overview/retrieve1/main.cpp.

### bool TQSqlQuery::isForwardOnly () const

Returns TRUE if you can only scroll forward through a result set; otherwise returns FALSE.

See also setForwardOnly().

### bool TQSqlQuery::isNull ( int field ) const

Returns TRUE if the query is active and positioned on a valid record and the field is NULL; otherwise returns FALSE. Note that for some drivers isNull() will not return accurate information until after an attempt is made to retrieve data.

See also isActive(), isValid(), and value().

### bool TQSqlQuery::isSelect () const

Returns TRUE if the current query is a `SELECT` statement; otherwise returns FALSE.

### bool TQSqlQuery::isValid () const

Returns TRUE if the query is currently positioned on a valid record; otherwise returns FALSE.

### bool TQSqlQuery::last ()`[virtual]`

Retrieves the last record in the result, if available, and positions the query on the retrieved record. Note that the result must be in an active state and isSelect() must return TRUE before calling this function or it will do nothing and return FALSE. Returns TRUE if successful. If unsuccessful the query position is set to an invalid position and FALSE is returned.

See also next(), prev(), first(), seek(), at(), isActive(), and isValid().

Example: sql/overview/navigating/main.cpp.

### TQSqlError TQSqlQuery::lastError () const

Returns error information about the last error (if any) that occurred.

See also TQSqlError.

### TQString TQSqlQuery::lastQuery () const

Returns the text of the current query being used, or TQString::null if there is no current query text.

See also executedQuery().

### bool TQSqlQuery::next ()`[virtual]`

Retrieves the next record in the result, if available, and positions the query on the retrieved record. Note that the result must be in an active state and isSelect() must return TRUE before calling this function or it will do nothing and return FALSE.

The following rules apply:

- If the result is currently located before the first record, e.g. immediately after a query is executed, an attempt is made to retrieve the first record.

- If the result is currently located after the last record, there is no change and FALSE is returned.

- If the result is located somewhere in the middle, an attempt is made to retrieve the next record.

If the record could not be retrieved, the result is positioned after the last record and FALSE is returned. If the record is successfully retrieved, TRUE is returned.

See also prev(), first(), last(), seek(), at(), isActive(), and isValid().

Examples: sql/overview/basicbrowsing/main.cpp, sql/overview/basicbrowsing2/main.cpp, sql/overview/delete/main.cpp, sql/overview/order1/main.cpp, sql/overview/retrieve1/main.cpp, sql/overview/subclass4/main.cpp, and sql/overview/subclass5/main.cpp.

### int TQSqlQuery::numRowsAffected () const

Returns the number of rows affected by the result's SQL statement, or -1 if it cannot be determined. Note that for `SELECT` statements, the value is undefined; see size() instead. If the query is not active (isActive() returns FALSE), -1 is returned.

See also size() and TQSqlDriver::hasFeature().

Examples: sql/overview/basicbrowsing2/main.cpp and sql/overview/basicdatamanip/main.cpp.

### TQSqlQuery & TQSqlQuery::operator= ( const TQSqlQuery & other )

Assigns other to the query.

### bool TQSqlQuery::prepare ( const TQString & query )

Prepares the SQL query query for execution. The query may contain placeholders for binding values. Both Oracle style colon-name (e.g. `:surname`), and ODBC style (e.g. `?`) placeholders are supported; but they cannot be mixed in the same query. See the Description for examples.

See also exec(), bindValue(), and addBindValue().

### bool TQSqlQuery::prev ()`[virtual]`

Retrieves the previous record in the result, if available, and positions the query on the retrieved record. Note that the result must be in an active state and isSelect() must return TRUE before calling this function or it will do nothing and return FALSE.

The following rules apply:

- If the result is currently located before the first record, there is no change and FALSE is returned.

- If the result is currently located after the last record, an attempt is made to retrieve the last record.

- If the result is somewhere in the middle, an attempt is made to retrieve the previous record.

If the record could not be retrieved, the result is positioned before the first record and FALSE is returned. If the record is successfully retrieved, TRUE is returned.

See also next(), first(), last(), seek(), at(), isActive(), and isValid().

### const TQSqlResult * TQSqlQuery::result () const

Returns the result associated with the query.

### bool TQSqlQuery::seek ( int i, bool relative = FALSE )`[virtual]`

Retrieves the record at position (offset) i, if available, and positions the query on the retrieved record. The first record is at position 0. Note that the query must be in an active state and isSelect() must return TRUE before calling this function.

If relative is FALSE (the default), the following rules apply:

- If i is negative, the result is positioned before the first record and FALSE is returned.
- Otherwise, an attempt is made to move to the record at position i. If the record at position i could not be retrieved, the result is positioned after the last record and FALSE is returned. If the record is successfully retrieved, TRUE is returned.

If relative is TRUE, the following rules apply:

- If the result is currently positioned before the first record or on the first record, and i is negative, there is no change, and FALSE is returned.
- If the result is currently located after the last record, and i is positive, there is no change, and FALSE is returned.
- If the result is currently located somewhere in the middle, and the relative offset i moves the result below zero, the result is positioned before the first record and FALSE is returned.
- Otherwise, an attempt is made to move to the record i records ahead of the current record (or i records behind the current record if i is negative). If the record at offset i could not be retrieved, the result is positioned after the last record if i >= 0, (or before the first record if i is negative), and FALSE is returned. If the record is successfully retrieved, TRUE is returned.

See also next(), prev(), first(), last(), at(), isActive(), and isValid().

Example: sql/overview/navigating/main.cpp.

### void TQSqlQuery::setForwardOnly ( bool forward )

Sets forward only mode to forward. If forward is TRUE only next(), and seek() with positive values, are allowed for navigating the results. Forward only mode needs far less memory since results do not need to be cached.

Forward only mode is off by default.

Forward only mode cannot be used with data aware widgets like TQDataTable, since they must to be able to scroll backward as well as forward.

See also isForwardOnly(), next(), and seek().

### int TQSqlQuery::size () const

Returns the size of the result, (number of rows returned), or -1 if the size cannot be determined or if the database does not support reporting information about query sizes. Note that for non-`SELECT` statements (isSelect() returns FALSE), size() will return -1. If the query is not active (isActive() returns FALSE), -1 is returned.

To determine the number of rows affected by a non-SELECT statement, use numRowsAffected().

See also isActive(), numRowsAffected(), and TQSqlDriver::hasFeature().

Example: sql/overview/navigating/main.cpp.

### TQVariant TQSqlQuery::value ( int i ) const`[virtual]`

Returns the value of the i-th field in the query (zero based).

The fields are numbered from left to right using the text of the `SELECT` statement, e.g. in `SELECT forename, surname FROM people`, field 0 is `forename` and field 1 is `surname`. Using `SELECT *` is not recommended because the order of the fields in the query is undefined.

An invalid TQVariant is returned if field i does not exist, if the query is inactive, or if the query is positioned on an invalid record.

See also prev(), next(), first(), last(), seek(), isActive(), and isValid().

Examples: sql/overview/basicbrowsing/main.cpp, sql/overview/basicbrowsing2/main.cpp, sql/overview/retrieve1/main.cpp, sql/overview/subclass3/main.cpp, sql/overview/subclass4/main.cpp, sql/overview/subclass5/main.cpp, and sql/overview/table4/main.cpp.

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