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# Internationalization with TQt

The internationalization of an application is the process of making the application usable by people in countries other than one's own.

- Step by Step
  - Use TQString for all User-visible Text
  - Use tr() for all Literal Text
  - Use TQKeySequence() for Accelerator Values
  - Use TQString::arg() for Dynamic Text
  - Produce Translations
  - Support for Encodings
  - Localize
- Dynamic Translation
- System Support
  - Unix/X11
  - Windows
- Note about Locales on X11
- Relevant TQt Classes

In some cases internationalization is simple, for example, making a US application accessible to Australian or British users may require little more than a few spelling corrections. But to make a US application usable by Japanese users, or a Korean application usable by German users, will require that the software operate not only in different languages, but use different input techniques, character encodings and presentation conventions.

TQt tries to make internationalization as painless as possible for developers. All input widgets and text drawing methods in TQt offer built-in support for all supported languages. The built-in font engine is capable of correctly and attractively rendering text that contains characters from a variety of different writing systems at the same time.

TQt supports most languages in use today, in particular:

- All East Asian languages (Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
- All Western languages (using Latin script)
- Arabic
- Cyrillic languages (Russian)
- Greek
- Hebrew
- Thai and Lao
- All scripts in Unicode 3.2 that do not require special processing

On Windows NT/2000/XP and Unix/X11 with Xft (client side font support) the following languages are also supported:

- Bengali
- Devanagari
- Dhivehi (Thaana)
- Gujarati
- Gurmukhi
- Kannada
- Khmer
- Malayalam (X11 only)
- Myanmar (X11 only)
- Syriac
- Tamil
- Telugu
- Tibetan (X11 only)

Many of these writing systems exhibit special features:

- Special line breaking behavior. Some of the Asian languages are written without spaces between words. Line breaking can occur either after every character (with exceptions) as in Chinese, Japanese and Korean, or after logical word boundaries as in Thai.

- Bidirectional writing. Arabic and Hebrew are written from right to left, except for numbers and embedded English text which is written left to right. The exact behavior is defined in the Unicode Technical Report #9.

- Non spacing or diacritical marks (accents or umlauts in European languages). Some languages such as Vietnamese make extensive use of these marks and some characters can have more than one mark at the same time to clarify pronunciation.

- Ligatures. In special contexts, some pairs of characters get replaced by a combined glyph forming a ligature. Common examples are the fl and fi ligatures used in typesetting US and European books.

TQt tries to take care of all the special features listed above. You usually don't have to worry about these features so long as you use TQt's input widgets (e.g. TQLineEdit, TQTextEdit, and derived classes) and TQt's display widgets (e.g. TQLabel).

Support for these writing systems is transparent to the programmer and completely encapsulated in TQt's text engine. This means that you don't need to have any knowledge about the writing system used in a particular language, except for the following small points:

- TQPainter::drawText( int x, int y, const TQString &str ) will always draw the string with it's left edge at the position specified with the x, y parameters. This will usually give you left aligned strings. Arabic and Hebrew application strings are usually right aligned, so for these languages use the version of drawText() that takes a TQRect since this will align in accordance with the language.

- When you write your own text input controls, use TQFontMetrics::charWidth() to determine the width of a character in a string. In some languages (e.g. Arabic or languages from the Indian subcontinent), the width and shape of a glyph changes depending on the surrounding characters. Writing input controls usually requires a certain knowledge of the scripts it is going to be used in. Usually the easiest way is to subclass TQLineEdit or TQTextEdit.

The following sections give some information on the status of the internationalization (i18n) support in TQt.

See also the TQt Linguist manual.

## Step by Step

Writing multi-platform international software with TQt is a gentle, incremental process. Your software can become internationalized in the following stages:

### Use TQString for all User-visible Text

Since TQString uses the Unicode encoding internally, every language in the world can be processed transparently using familiar text processing operations. Also, since all TQt functions that present text to the user take a TQString as a parameter, there is no char* to TQString conversion overhead.

Strings that are in "programmer space" (such as TQObject names and file format texts) need not use TQString; the traditional char* or the TQCString class will suffice.

You're unlikely to notice that you are using Unicode; TQString, and TQChar are just like easier versions of the crude const char* and char from traditional C.

### Use tr() for all Literal Text

Wherever your program uses `"quoted text"` for text that will be presented to the user, ensure that it is processed by the TQApplication::translate() function. Essentially all that is necessary to achieve this is to use TQObject::tr(). For example, assuming the `LoginWidget` is a subclass of TQWidget:

        LoginWidget::LoginWidget()
        {
            TQLabel *label = new TQLabel( tr("Password:"), this );
            ...
        }

This accounts for 99% of the user-visible strings you're likely to write.

If the quoted text is not in a member function of a TQObject subclass, use either the tr() function of an appropriate class, or the TQApplication::translate() function directly:

        void some_global_function( LoginWidget *logwid )
        {
            TQLabel *label = new TQLabel(
                    LoginWidget::tr("Password:"), logwid );
        }

        void same_global_function( LoginWidget *logwid )
        {
            TQLabel *label = new TQLabel(
                    tqApp->translate("LoginWidget", "Password:"),
                    logwid );
        }

If you need to have translatable text completely outside a function, there are two macros to help: TQT_TR_NOOP() and TQT_TRANSLATE_NOOP(). They merely mark the text for extraction by the lupdate utility described below. The macros expand to just the text (without the context).

Example of TQT_TR_NOOP():

        TQString FriendlyConversation::greeting( int greet_type )
        {
            static const char* greeting_strings[] = {
                TQT_TR_NOOP( "Hello" ),
                TQT_TR_NOOP( "Goodbye" )
            };
            return tr( greeting_strings[greet_type] );
        }

Example of TQT_TRANSLATE_NOOP():

        static const char* greeting_strings[] = {
            TQT_TRANSLATE_NOOP( "FriendlyConversation", "Hello" ),
            TQT_TRANSLATE_NOOP( "FriendlyConversation", "Goodbye" )
        };

        TQString FriendlyConversation::greeting( int greet_type )
        {
            return tr( greeting_strings[greet_type] );
        }

        TQString global_greeting( int greet_type )
        {
            return tqApp->translate( "FriendlyConversation",
                                    greeting_strings[greet_type] );
        }

If you disable the const char* to TQString automatic conversion by compiling your software with the macro TQT_NO_CAST_ASCII defined, you'll be very likely to catch any strings you are missing. See TQString::fromLatin1() for more information. Disabling the conversion can make programming a bit cumbersome.

If your source language uses characters outside Latin-1, you might find TQObject::trUtf8() more convenient than TQObject::tr(), as tr() depends on the TQApplication::defaultCodec(), which makes it more fragile than TQObject::trUtf8().

### Use TQKeySequence() for Accelerator Values

Accelerator values such as Ctrl+Q or Alt+F need to be translated too. If you hardcode `CTRL+Key_Q` for "Quit" in your application, translators won't be able to override it. The correct idiom is

        TQPopupMenu *file = new TQPopupMenu( this );
        file->insertItem( tr("&Quit"), this, TQ_SLOT(quit()),
                          TQKeySequence(tr("Ctrl+Q", "File|Quit")) );

### Use TQString::arg() for Dynamic Text

The TQString::arg() functions offer a simple means for substituting arguments:

        void FileCopier::showProgress( int done, int total,
                                       const TQString& current_file )
        {
            label.setText( tr("%1 of %2 files copied.\nCopying: %3")
                            .arg(done)
                            .arg(total)
                            .arg(current_file) );
        }

In some languages the order of arguments may need to change, and this can easily be achieved by changing the order of the % arguments. For example:

        TQString s1 = "%1 of %2 files copied. Copying: %3";
        TQString s2 = "Kopierer nu %3. Av totalt %2 filer er %1 kopiert.";

        tqDebug( s1.arg(5).arg(10).arg("somefile.txt").ascii() );
        tqDebug( s2.arg(5).arg(10).arg("somefile.txt").ascii() );

produces the correct output in English and Norwegian:

    5 of 10 files copied. Copying: somefile.txt
    Kopierer nu somefile.txt. Av totalt 10 filer er 5 kopiert.

### Produce Translations

Once you are using tr() throughout an application, you can start producing translations of the user-visible text in your program.

TQt Linguist's manual provides further information about TQt's translation tools, TQt Linguist, lupdate and lrelease.

Translation of a TQt application is a three-step process:

1. Run lupdate to extract translatable text from the C++ source code of the TQt application, resulting in a message file for translators (a `.ts` file). The utility recognizes the tr() construct and the QT_*_NOOP macros described above and produces `.ts` files (usually one per language).

2. Provide translations for the source texts in the `.ts` file, using TQt Linguist. Since `.ts` files are in XML format, you can also edit them by hand.

3. Run lrelease to obtain a light-weight message file (a `.qm` file) from the `.ts` file, suitable only for end use. Think of the `.ts` files as "source files", and `.qm` files as "object files". The translator edits the `.ts` files, but the users of your application only need the `.qm` files. Both kinds of files are platform and locale independent.

Typically, you will repeat these steps for every release of your application. The lupdate utility does its best to reuse the translations from previous releases.

Before you run lupdate, you should prepare a project file. Here's an example project file (`.pro` file):

        HEADERS         = funnydialog.h \
                          wackywidget.h
        SOURCES         = funnydialog.cpp \
                          main.cpp \
                          wackywidget.cpp
        FORMS           = fancybox.ui
        TRANSLATIONS    = superapp_dk.ts \
                          superapp_fi.ts \
                          superapp_no.ts \
                          superapp_se.ts

When you run lupdate or lrelease, you must give the name of the project file as a command-line argument.

In this example, four exotic languages are supported: Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish. If you use qmake, you usually don't need an extra project file for lupdate; your `qmake` project file will work fine once you add the `TRANSLATIONS` entry.

In your application, you must TQTranslator::load() the translation files appropriate for the user's language, and install them using TQApplication::installTranslator().

If you have been using the old TQt tools (`tqtfindtr`, `msg2tqm` and `tqtmergetr`), you can use tqm2ts to convert your old `.qm` files.

linguist, lupdate and lrelease are installed in the `bin` subdirectory of the base directory TQt is installed into. Click Help|Manual in TQt Linguist to access the user's manual; it contains a tutorial to get you started.

While these utilities offer a convenient way to create `.qm` files, any system that writes `.qm` files is sufficient. You could make an application that adds translations to a TQTranslator with TQTranslator::insert() and then writes a `.qm` file with TQTranslator::save(). This way the translations can come from any source you choose.

TQt itself contains over 400 strings that will also need to be translated into the languages that you are targeting. You will find translation files for French and German in `$TQTDIR/translations` as well as a template for translating to other languages. (This directory also contains some additional unsupported translations which may be useful.)

Typically, your application's main() function will look like this:

        int main( int argc, char **argv )
        {
            TQApplication app( argc, argv );

            // translation file for TQt
            TQTranslator qt( 0 );
            qt.load( TQString( "qt_" ) + TQTextCodec::locale(), "." );
            app.installTranslator( &qt );

            // translation file for application strings
            TQTranslator myapp( 0 );
            myapp.load( TQString( "myapp_" ) + TQTextCodec::locale(), "." );
            app.installTranslator( &myapp );

            ...

            return app.exec();
        }

### Support for Encodings

The TQTextCodec class and the facilities in TQTextStream make it easy to support many input and output encodings for your users' data. When an application starts, the locale of the machine will determine the 8-bit encoding used when dealing with 8-bit data: such as for font selection, text display, 8-bit text I/O and character input.

The application may occasionally require encodings other than the default local 8-bit encoding. For example, an application in a Cyrillic KOI8-R locale (the de-facto standard locale in Russia) might need to output Cyrillic in the ISO 8859-5 encoding. Code for this would be:

        TQString string = ...; // some Unicode text

        TQTextCodec* codec = TQTextCodec::codecForName( "ISO 8859-5" );
        TQCString encoded_string = codec->fromUnicode( string );

        ...; // use encoded_string in 8-bit operations

For converting Unicode to local 8-bit encodings, a shortcut is available: the local8Bit() method of TQString returns such 8-bit data. Another useful shortcut is the utf8() method, which returns text in the 8-bit UTF-8 encoding: this perfectly preserves Unicode information while looking like plain US-ASCII if the text is wholly US-ASCII.

For converting the other way, there are the TQString::fromUtf8() and TQString::fromLocal8Bit() convenience functions, or the general code, demonstrated by this conversion from ISO 8859-5 Cyrillic to Unicode conversion:

        TQCString encoded_string = ...; // Some ISO 8859-5 encoded text.

        TQTextCodec* codec = TQTextCodec::codecForName("ISO 8859-5");
        TQString string = codec->toUnicode(encoded_string);

        ...; // Use string in all of TQt's TQString operations.

Ideally Unicode I/O should be used as this maximizes the portability of documents between users around the world, but in reality it is useful to support all the appropriate encodings that your users will need to process existing documents. In general, Unicode (UTF-16 or UTF-8) is best for information transferred between arbitrary people, while within a language or national group, a local standard is often more appropriate. The most important encoding to support is the one returned by TQTextCodec::codecForLocale(), as this is the one the user is most likely to need for communicating with other people and applications (this is the codec used by local8Bit()).

TQt supports most of the more frequently used encodings natively. For a complete list of supported encodings see the TQTextCodec documentation.

In some cases and for less frequently used encodings it may be necessary to write your own TQTextCodec subclass. Depending on the urgency, it may be useful to contact Trolltech technical support or ask on the `qt-interest` mailing list to see if someone else is already working on supporting the encoding. A useful interim measure can be to use the TQTextCodec::loadCharmapFile() function to build a data-driven codec, although this approach has a memory and speed penalty, especially with dynamically loaded libraries. For details of writing your own TQTextCodec, see the main TQTextCodec class documentation.

### Localize

Localization is the process of adapting to local conventions, for example presenting dates and times using the locally preferred formats. Such localizations can be accomplished using appropriate tr() strings.

        void Clock::setTime(const TQTime& t)
        {
            if ( tr("AMPM") == "AMPM" ) {
                // 12-hour clock
            } else {
                // 24-hour clock
            }
        }

In the example, for the US we would leave the translation of "AMPM" as it is and thereby use the 12-hour clock branch; but in Europe we would translate it as something else (anything else, e.g. "EU") and this will make the code use the 24-hour clock branch.

Localizing images is not recommended. Choose clear icons that are appropriate for all localities, rather than relying on local puns or stretched metaphors.

## Dynamic Translation

Some applications, such as TQt Linguist, must be able to support changes to the user's language settings while they are still running. To make widgets aware of changes to the system language, implement a public slot called `languageChange()` in each widget that needs to be notified. In this slot, you should update the text displayed by widgets using the TQObject::tr(){tr()} function in the usual way; for example:

    void MyWidget::languageChange()
    {
        titleLabel->setText(tr("Document Title"));
        ...
        okPushButton->setText(tr("&OK"));
    }

The default event handler for TQWidget subclasses responds to the LanguageChange event, and will call this slot when necessary; other application components can also connect signals to this slot to force widgets to update themselves.

## System Support

Some of the operating systems and windowing systems that TQt runs on only have limited support for Unicode. The level of support available in the underlying system has some influence on the support that TQt can provide on those platforms, although in general TQt applications need not be too concerned with platform-specific limitations.

### Unix/X11

- Locale-oriented fonts and input methods. TQt hides these and provides Unicode input and output.
- Filesystem conventions such as UTF-8 are under development in some Unix variants. All TQt file functions allow Unicode, but convert filenames to the local 8-bit encoding, as this is the Unix convention (see TQFile::setEncodingFunction() to explore alternative encodings).
- File I/O defaults to the local 8-bit encoding, with Unicode options in TQTextStream.

### Windows

- TQt provides full Unicode support, including input methods, fonts, clipboard, drag-and-drop and file names.
- File I/O defaults to Latin-1, with Unicode options in TQTextStream. Note that some Windows programs do not understand big-endian Unicode text files even though that is the order prescribed by the Unicode Standard in the absence of higher-level protocols.
- Unlike programs written with MFC or plain winlib, TQt programs are portable between Windows 95/98 and Windows NT. You do not need different binaries to support Unicode.

## Note about Locales on X11

Many Unix distributions contain only partial support for some locales. For example, if you have a `/usr/share/locale/ja_JP.EUC` directory, this does not necessarily mean you can display Japanese text; you also need JIS encoded fonts (or Unicode fonts), and the `/usr/share/locale/ja_JP.EUC` directory needs to be complete. For best results, use complete locales from your system vendor.

## Relevant TQt Classes

These classes are relevant to internationalizing TQt applications.

TQBig5Codec | Conversion to and from the Big5 encoding
TQEucJpCodec | Conversion to and from EUC-JP character sets
TQEucKrCodec | Conversion to and from EUC-KR character sets
TQGb18030Codec | Conversion to and from the Chinese GB18030/GBK/GB2312 encoding
TQGb2312Codec | Conversion to and from the Chinese GB2312 encoding
TQGbkCodec | Conversion to and from the Chinese GBK encoding
TQHebrewCodec | Conversion to and from visually ordered Hebrew
TQJisCodec | Conversion to and from JIS character sets
TQSjisCodec | Conversion to and from Shift-JIS
TQTextCodec | Conversion between text encodings
TQTextDecoder | State-based decoder
TQTextEncoder | State-based encoder
TQTranslator | Internationalization support for text output
TQTranslatorMessage | Translator message and its properties
TQTsciiCodec | Conversion to and from the Tamil TSCII encoding