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788 lines
22 KiB
788 lines
22 KiB
/* Yo Emacs, this -*- C++ -*-
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*******************************************************************
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*******************************************************************
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*
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*
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* KREVERSI
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*
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*
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*******************************************************************
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*
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* A Reversi (or sometimes called Othello) game
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*
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*******************************************************************
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*
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* Created 1997 by Mario Weilguni <mweilguni@sime.com>. This file
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* is ported from Mats Luthman's <Mats.Luthman@sylog.se> JAVA applet.
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* Many thanks to Mr. Luthman who has allowed me to put this port
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* under the GNU GPL. Without his wonderful game engine kreversi
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* would be just another of those Reversi programs a five year old
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* child could beat easily. But with it it's a worthy opponent!
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*
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* If you are interested on the JAVA applet of Mr. Luthman take a
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* look at http://www.sylog.se/~mats/
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*
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*******************************************************************
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*
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* This file is part of the KDE project "KREVERSI"
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*
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* KREVERSI is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
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* any later version.
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*
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* KREVERSI is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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* GNU General Public License for more details.
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*
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* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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* along with KREVERSI; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
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* the Free Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
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* Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
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*
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*******************************************************************
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*/
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// The class Engine produces moves from a Game object through calls to the
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// function ComputeMove().
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//
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// First of all: this is meant to be a simple example of a game playing
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// program. Not everything is done in the most clever way, particularly not
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// the way the moves are searched, but it is hopefully made in a way that makes
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// it easy to understand. The function ComputeMove2() that does all the work
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// is actually not much more than a hundred lines. Much could be done to
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// make the search faster though, I'm perfectly aware of that. Feel free
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// to experiment.
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//
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// The method used to generate the moves is called minimax tree search with
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// alpha-beta pruning to a fixed depth. In short this means that all possible
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// moves a predefined number of moves ahead are either searched or refuted
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// with a method called alpha-beta pruning. A more thorough explanation of
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// this method could be found at the world wide web at http:
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// //yoda.cis.temple.edu:8080/UGAIWWW/lectures96/search/minimax/alpha-beta.html
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// at the time this was written. Searching for "minimax" would also point
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// you to information on this subject. It is probably possible to understand
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// this method by reading the source code though, it is not that complicated.
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//
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// At every leaf node at the search tree, the resulting position is evaluated.
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// Two things are considered when evaluating a position: the number of pieces
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// of each color and at which squares the pieces are located. Pieces at the
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// corners are valuable and give a high value, and having pieces at squares
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// next to a corner is not very good and they give a lower value. In the
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// beginning of a game it is more important to have pieces on "good" squares,
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// but towards the end the total number of pieces of each color is given a
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// higher weight. Other things, like how many legal moves that can be made in a
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// position, and the number of pieces that can never be turned would probably
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// make the program stronger if they were considered in evaluating a position,
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// but that would make things more complicated (this was meant to be very
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// simple example) and would also slow down computation (considerably?).
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//
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// The member m_board[10][10]) holds the current position during the
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// computation. It is initiated at the start of ComputeMove() and
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// every move that is made during the search is made on this board. It should
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// be noted that 1 to 8 is used for the actual board, but 0 and 9 can be
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// used too (they are always empty). This is practical when turning pieces
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// when moves are made on the board. Every piece that is put on the board
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// or turned is saved in the stack m_squarestack (see class SquareStack) so
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// every move can easily be reversed after the search in a node is completed.
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//
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// The member m_bc_board[][] holds board control values for each square
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// and is initiated by a call to the function private void SetupBcBoard()
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// from Engines constructor. It is used in evaluation of positions except
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// when the game tree is searched all the way to the end of the game.
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//
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// The two members m_coord_bit[9][9] and m_neighbor_bits[9][9] are used to
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// speed up the tree search. This goes against the principle of keeping things
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// simple, but to understand the program you do not need to understand them
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// at all. They are there to make it possible to throw away moves where
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// the piece that is played is not adjacent to a piece of opposite color
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// at an early stage (because they could never be legal). It should be
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// pointed out that not all moves that pass this test are legal, there will
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// just be fewer moves that have to be tested in a more time consuming way.
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//
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// There are also two other members that should be mentioned: Score m_score
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// and Score m_bc_score. They hold the number of pieces of each color and
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// the sum of the board control values for each color during the search
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// (this is faster than counting at every leaf node).
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//
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// The classes SquareStackEntry and SquareStack implement a
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// stack that is used by Engine to store pieces that are turned during
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// searching (see ComputeMove()).
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//
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// The class MoveAndValue is used by Engine to store all possible moves
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// at the first level and the values that were calculated for them.
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// This makes it possible to select a random move among those with equal
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// or nearly equal value after the search is completed.
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#include <tqapplication.h>
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#include "Engine.h"
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// ================================================================
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// Class ULONG64
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#if !defined(__GNUC__)
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ULONG64::ULONG64() : TQBitArray(64)
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{
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fill(0);
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}
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// Initialize an ULONG64 from a 32 bit value.
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//
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ULONG64::ULONG64( unsigned int value ) : TQBitArray(64)
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{
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fill(0);
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for(int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
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setBit(i, (bool)(value & 1));
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value >>= 1;
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}
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}
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// Shift an ULONG64 left one bit.
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//
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void ULONG64::shl()
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{
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for(int i = 63; i > 0; i--)
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setBit(i, testBit(i - 1));
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setBit(0, 0);
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}
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#endif
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// ================================================================
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// Classes SquareStackEntry and SquareStack
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// A SquareStack is used to store changes to the squares on the board
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// during search.
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inline void SquareStackEntry::setXY(int x, int y) {
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m_x = x;
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m_y = y;
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}
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SquareStackEntry::SquareStackEntry()
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{
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setXY(0,0);
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}
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// ----------------------------------------------------------------
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SquareStack::SquareStack() {
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init(0);
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}
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SquareStack::SquareStack(int size) {
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init(size);
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}
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void SquareStack::resize(int size)
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{
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m_squarestack.resize(size);
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}
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// (Re)initialize the stack so that is empty, and at the same time
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// resize it to 'size'.
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//
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void SquareStack::init(int size)
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{
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resize(size);
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m_top = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
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m_squarestack[i].setXY(0,0);
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}
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inline SquareStackEntry SquareStack::Pop()
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{
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return m_squarestack[--m_top];
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}
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inline void SquareStack::Push(int x, int y)
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{
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m_squarestack[m_top].m_x = x;
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m_squarestack[m_top++].m_y = y;
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}
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// ================================================================
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// Class MoveAndValue
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// Class MoveAndValue aggregates a move with its value.
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//
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inline void MoveAndValue::setXYV(int x, int y, int value)
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{
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m_x = x;
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m_y = y;
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m_value = value;
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}
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MoveAndValue::MoveAndValue()
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{
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setXYV(0,0,0);
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}
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MoveAndValue::MoveAndValue(int x, int y, int value)
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{
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setXYV(x, y, value);
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}
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// ================================================================
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// The Engine itself
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// Some special values used in the search.
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const int Engine::LARGEINT = 99999;
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const int Engine::ILLEGAL_VALUE = 8888888;
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const int Engine::BC_WEIGHT = 3;
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Engine::Engine(int st, int sd) : SuperEngine(st, sd)
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{
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SetupBcBoard();
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SetupBits();
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}
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Engine::Engine(int st) : SuperEngine(st)
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{
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SetupBcBoard();
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SetupBits();
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}
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Engine::Engine() : SuperEngine(1)
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{
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SetupBcBoard();
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SetupBits();
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}
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// keep GUI alive
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void Engine::yield()
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{
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tqApp->processEvents();
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}
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// Calculate the best move from the current position, and return it.
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Move Engine::computeMove(Game *game, bool competitive)
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{
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Color color;
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// A competitive game is one where we try our damnedest to make the
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// best move. The opposite is a casual game where the engine might
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// make "a mistake". The idea behind this is not to scare away
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// newbies. The member m_competitive is used during search for this
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// very move.
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m_competitive = competitive;
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// Suppose that we should give a heuristic evaluation. If we are
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// close to the end of the game we can make an exhaustive search,
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// but that case is determined further down.
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m_exhaustive = false;
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// Get the color to calculate the move for.
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color = game->toMove();
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if (color == Nobody)
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return Move(Nobody, -1, -1);
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// Figure out the current score
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m_score.set(White, game->score(White));
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m_score.set(Black, game->score(Black));
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// Treat the first move as a special case (we can basically just
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// pick a move at random).
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if (m_score.score(White) + m_score.score(Black) == 4)
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return ComputeFirstMove(game);
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// Let there be room for 3000 changes during the recursive search.
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// This is more than will ever be needed.
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m_squarestack.init(3000);
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// Get the search depth. If we are close to the end of the game,
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// the number of possible moves goes down, so we can search deeper
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// without using more time.
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m_depth = m_strength;
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if (m_score.score(White) + m_score.score(Black) + m_depth + 3 >= 64)
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m_depth = 64 - m_score.score(White) - m_score.score(Black);
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else if (m_score.score(White) + m_score.score(Black) + m_depth + 4 >= 64)
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m_depth += 2;
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else if (m_score.score(White) + m_score.score(Black) + m_depth + 5 >= 64)
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m_depth++;
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// If we are very close to the end, we can even make the search
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// exhaustive.
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if (m_score.score(White) + m_score.score(Black) + m_depth >= 64)
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m_exhaustive = true;
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// The evaluation is a linear combination of the score (number of
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// pieces) and the sum of the scores for the squares (given by
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// m_bc_score). The earlier in the game, the more we use the square
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// values and the later in the game the more we use the number of
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// pieces.
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m_coeff = 100 - (100*
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(m_score.score(White) + m_score.score(Black)
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+ m_depth - 4)) / 60;
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// Initialize the board that we use for the search.
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for (uint x = 0; x < 10; x++)
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for (uint y = 0; y < 10; y++) {
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if (1 <= x && x <= 8
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&& 1 <= y && y <= 8)
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m_board[x][y] = game->color(x, y);
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else
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m_board[x][y] = Nobody;
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}
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// Initialize a lot of stuff that we will use in the search.
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// Initialize m_bc_score to the current bc score. This is kept
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// up-to-date incrementally so that way we won't have to calculate
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// it from scratch for each evaluation.
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m_bc_score.set(White, CalcBcScore(White));
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m_bc_score.set(Black, CalcBcScore(Black));
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ULONG64 colorbits = ComputeOccupiedBits(color);
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ULONG64 opponentbits = ComputeOccupiedBits(opponent(color));
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int maxval = -LARGEINT;
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int max_x = 0;
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int max_y = 0;
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MoveAndValue moves[60];
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int number_of_moves = 0;
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int number_of_maxval = 0;
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setInterrupt(false);
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ULONG64 null_bits;
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null_bits = 0;
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// The main search loop. Step through all possible moves and keep
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// track of the most valuable one. This move is stored in
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// (max_x, max_y) and the value is stored in maxval.
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m_nodes_searched = 0;
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for (int x = 1; x < 9; x++) {
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for (int y = 1; y < 9; y++) {
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// Don't bother with non-empty squares and squares that aren't
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// neighbors to opponent pieces.
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if (m_board[x][y] != Nobody
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|| (m_neighbor_bits[x][y] & opponentbits) == null_bits)
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continue;
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int val = ComputeMove2(x, y, color, 1, maxval,
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colorbits, opponentbits);
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if (val != ILLEGAL_VALUE) {
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moves[number_of_moves++].setXYV(x, y, val);
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// If the move is better than all previous moves, then record
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// this fact...
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if (val > maxval) {
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// ...except that we want to make the computer miss some
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// good moves so that beginners can play against the program
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// and not always lose. However, we only do this if the
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// user wants a casual game, which is set in the settings
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// dialog.
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int randi = m_random.getLong(7);
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if (maxval == -LARGEINT
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|| m_competitive
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|| randi < (int) m_strength) {
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maxval = val;
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max_x = x;
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max_y = y;
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number_of_maxval = 1;
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}
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}
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else if (val == maxval)
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number_of_maxval++;
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}
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// Jump out prematurely if interrupt is set.
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if (interrupted())
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break;
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}
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}
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// long endtime = times(&tmsdummy);
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|
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// If there are more than one best move, the pick one randomly.
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if (number_of_maxval > 1) {
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int r = m_random.getLong(number_of_maxval) + 1;
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int i;
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for (i = 0; i < number_of_moves; i++) {
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if (moves[i].m_value == maxval && --r <= 0)
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break;
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}
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max_x = moves[i].m_x;
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max_y = moves[i].m_y;
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}
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// Return a suitable move.
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if (interrupted())
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return Move(Nobody, -1, -1);
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else if (maxval != -LARGEINT)
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return Move(color, max_x, max_y);
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else
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return Move(Nobody, -1, -1);
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}
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|
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// Get the first move. We can pick any move at random.
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//
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Move Engine::ComputeFirstMove(Game *game)
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{
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int r;
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Color color = game->toMove();
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r = m_random.getLong(4) + 1;
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if (color == White) {
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if (r == 1) return Move(color, 3, 5);
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else if (r == 2) return Move(color, 4, 6);
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else if (r == 3) return Move(color, 5, 3);
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else return Move(color, 6, 4);
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}
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else {
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if (r == 1) return Move(color, 3, 4);
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else if (r == 2) return Move(color, 5, 6);
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else if (r == 3) return Move(color, 4, 3);
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else return Move(color, 6, 5);
|
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}
|
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}
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|
|
|
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// Play a move at (xplay, yplay) and generate a value for it. If we
|
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// are at the maximum search depth, we get the value by calling
|
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// EvaluatePosition(), otherwise we get it by performing an alphabeta
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|
// search.
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|
//
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|
|
int Engine::ComputeMove2(int xplay, int yplay, Color color, int level,
|
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int cutoffval, ULONG64 colorbits,
|
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ULONG64 opponentbits)
|
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{
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int number_of_turned = 0;
|
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SquareStackEntry mse;
|
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Color opponent = ::opponent(color);
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m_nodes_searched++;
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|
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// Put the piece on the board and incrementally update scores and bitmaps.
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m_board[xplay][yplay] = color;
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colorbits |= m_coord_bit[xplay][yplay];
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m_score.inc(color);
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m_bc_score.add(color, m_bc_board[xplay][yplay]);
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|
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// Loop through all 8 directions and turn the pieces that can be turned.
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for (int xinc = -1; xinc <= 1; xinc++)
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for (int yinc = -1; yinc <= 1; yinc++) {
|
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if (xinc == 0 && yinc == 0)
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continue;
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|
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int x, y;
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|
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for (x = xplay + xinc, y = yplay + yinc; m_board[x][y] == opponent;
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x += xinc, y += yinc)
|
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;
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|
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// If we found the end of a turnable row, then go back and turn
|
|
// all pieces on the way back. Also push the squares with
|
|
// turned pieces on the squarestack so that we can undo the move
|
|
// later.
|
|
if (m_board[x][y] == color)
|
|
for (x -= xinc, y -= yinc; x != xplay || y != yplay;
|
|
x -= xinc, y -= yinc) {
|
|
m_board[x][y] = color;
|
|
colorbits |= m_coord_bit[x][y];
|
|
opponentbits &= ~m_coord_bit[x][y];
|
|
|
|
m_squarestack.Push(x, y);
|
|
|
|
m_bc_score.add(color, m_bc_board[x][y]);
|
|
m_bc_score.sub(opponent, m_bc_board[x][y]);
|
|
number_of_turned++;
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
int retval = -LARGEINT;
|
|
|
|
// If we managed to turn at least one piece, then (xplay, yplay) was
|
|
// a legal move. Now find out the value of the move.
|
|
if (number_of_turned > 0) {
|
|
|
|
// First adjust the number of pieces for each side.
|
|
m_score.add(color, number_of_turned);
|
|
m_score.sub(opponent, number_of_turned);
|
|
|
|
// If we are at the bottom of the search, get the evaluation.
|
|
if (level >= m_depth)
|
|
retval = EvaluatePosition(color); // Terminal node
|
|
else {
|
|
int maxval = TryAllMoves(opponent, level, cutoffval, opponentbits,
|
|
colorbits);
|
|
|
|
if (maxval != -LARGEINT)
|
|
retval = -maxval;
|
|
else {
|
|
|
|
// No possible move for the opponent, it is colors turn again:
|
|
retval = TryAllMoves(color, level, -LARGEINT, colorbits, opponentbits);
|
|
|
|
if (retval == -LARGEINT) {
|
|
|
|
// No possible move for anybody => end of game:
|
|
int finalscore = m_score.score(color) - m_score.score(opponent);
|
|
|
|
if (m_exhaustive)
|
|
retval = finalscore;
|
|
else {
|
|
// Take a sure win and avoid a sure loss (may not be optimal):
|
|
|
|
if (finalscore > 0)
|
|
retval = LARGEINT - 65 + finalscore;
|
|
else if (finalscore < 0)
|
|
retval = -(LARGEINT - 65 + finalscore);
|
|
else
|
|
retval = 0;
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
m_score.add(opponent, number_of_turned);
|
|
m_score.sub(color, number_of_turned);
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Undo the move. Start by unturning the turned pieces.
|
|
for (int i = number_of_turned; i > 0; i--) {
|
|
mse = m_squarestack.Pop();
|
|
m_bc_score.add(opponent, m_bc_board[mse.m_x][mse.m_y]);
|
|
m_bc_score.sub(color, m_bc_board[mse.m_x][mse.m_y]);
|
|
m_board[mse.m_x][mse.m_y] = opponent;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Now remove the new piece that we put down.
|
|
m_board[xplay][yplay] = Nobody;
|
|
m_score.sub(color, 1);
|
|
m_bc_score.sub(color, m_bc_board[xplay][yplay]);
|
|
|
|
// Return a suitable value.
|
|
if (number_of_turned < 1 || interrupted())
|
|
return ILLEGAL_VALUE;
|
|
else
|
|
return retval;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Generate all legal moves from the current position, and do a search
|
|
// to see the value of them. This function returns the value of the
|
|
// most valuable move, but not the move itself.
|
|
//
|
|
|
|
int Engine::TryAllMoves(Color opponent, int level, int cutoffval,
|
|
ULONG64 opponentbits, ULONG64 colorbits)
|
|
{
|
|
int maxval = -LARGEINT;
|
|
|
|
// Keep GUI alive by calling the event loop.
|
|
yield();
|
|
|
|
ULONG64 null_bits;
|
|
null_bits = 0;
|
|
|
|
for (int x = 1; x < 9; x++) {
|
|
for (int y = 1; y < 9; y++) {
|
|
if (m_board[x][y] == Nobody
|
|
&& (m_neighbor_bits[x][y] & colorbits) != null_bits) {
|
|
int val = ComputeMove2(x, y, opponent, level+1, maxval, opponentbits,
|
|
colorbits);
|
|
|
|
if (val != ILLEGAL_VALUE && val > maxval) {
|
|
maxval = val;
|
|
if (maxval > -cutoffval || interrupted())
|
|
break;
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if (maxval > -cutoffval || interrupted())
|
|
break;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if (interrupted())
|
|
return -LARGEINT;
|
|
|
|
return maxval;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Calculate a heuristic value for the current position. If we are at
|
|
// the end of the game, do this by counting the pieces. Otherwise do
|
|
// it by combining the score using the number of pieces, and the score
|
|
// using the board control values.
|
|
//
|
|
|
|
int Engine::EvaluatePosition(Color color)
|
|
{
|
|
int retval;
|
|
|
|
Color opponent = ::opponent(color);
|
|
|
|
int score_color = m_score.score(color);
|
|
int score_opponent = m_score.score(opponent);
|
|
|
|
if (m_exhaustive)
|
|
retval = score_color - score_opponent;
|
|
else {
|
|
retval = (100-m_coeff) *
|
|
(m_score.score(color) - m_score.score(opponent))
|
|
+ m_coeff * BC_WEIGHT * (m_bc_score.score(color)
|
|
- m_bc_score.score(opponent));
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return retval;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Calculate bitmaps for each square, and also for neighbors of each
|
|
// square.
|
|
//
|
|
|
|
void Engine::SetupBits()
|
|
{
|
|
//m_coord_bit = new long[9][9];
|
|
//m_neighbor_bits = new long[9][9];
|
|
|
|
ULONG64 bits = 1;
|
|
|
|
// Store a 64 bit unsigned it with the corresponding bit set for
|
|
// each square.
|
|
for (int i=1; i < 9; i++)
|
|
for (int j=1; j < 9; j++) {
|
|
m_coord_bit[i][j] = bits;
|
|
#if !defined(__GNUC__)
|
|
bits.shl();
|
|
#else
|
|
bits *= 2;
|
|
#endif
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Store a bitmap consisting of all neighbors for each square.
|
|
for (int i=1; i < 9; i++)
|
|
for (int j=1; j < 9; j++) {
|
|
m_neighbor_bits[i][j] = 0;
|
|
|
|
for (int xinc=-1; xinc<=1; xinc++)
|
|
for (int yinc=-1; yinc<=1; yinc++) {
|
|
if (xinc != 0 || yinc != 0)
|
|
if (i + xinc > 0 && i + xinc < 9 && j + yinc > 0 && j + yinc < 9)
|
|
m_neighbor_bits[i][j] |= m_coord_bit[i + xinc][j + yinc];
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Set up the board control values that will be used in evaluation of
|
|
// the position.
|
|
//
|
|
|
|
void Engine::SetupBcBoard()
|
|
{
|
|
// JAVA m_bc_board = new int[9][9];
|
|
|
|
for (int i=1; i < 9; i++)
|
|
for (int j=1; j < 9; j++) {
|
|
if (i == 2 || i == 7)
|
|
m_bc_board[i][j] = -1;
|
|
else
|
|
m_bc_board[i][j] = 0;
|
|
|
|
if (j == 2 || j == 7)
|
|
m_bc_board[i][j] -= 1;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
m_bc_board[1][1] = 2;
|
|
m_bc_board[8][1] = 2;
|
|
m_bc_board[1][8] = 2;
|
|
m_bc_board[8][8] = 2;
|
|
|
|
m_bc_board[1][2] = -1;
|
|
m_bc_board[2][1] = -1;
|
|
m_bc_board[1][7] = -1;
|
|
m_bc_board[7][1] = -1;
|
|
m_bc_board[8][2] = -1;
|
|
m_bc_board[2][8] = -1;
|
|
m_bc_board[8][7] = -1;
|
|
m_bc_board[7][8] = -1;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Calculate the board control score.
|
|
//
|
|
|
|
int Engine::CalcBcScore(Color color)
|
|
{
|
|
int sum = 0;
|
|
|
|
for (int i=1; i < 9; i++)
|
|
for (int j=1; j < 9; j++)
|
|
if (m_board[i][j] == color)
|
|
sum += m_bc_board[i][j];
|
|
|
|
return sum;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Calculate a bitmap of the occupied squares for a certain color.
|
|
//
|
|
|
|
ULONG64 Engine::ComputeOccupiedBits(Color color)
|
|
{
|
|
ULONG64 retval = 0;
|
|
|
|
for (int i=1; i < 9; i++)
|
|
for (int j=1; j < 9; j++)
|
|
if (m_board[i][j] == color) retval |= m_coord_bit[i][j];
|
|
|
|
return retval;
|
|
}
|
|
|